Backup

Partition backup (dd)

Backup partition layout

sfdisk -d /dev/DEV > backup.part

Backup MBR

dd if=/dev/DEV count=1 bs=512 of=backup.mbr

Backup data

dd if=/dev/DEV bs=2M conv=noerror,sync | pv | gzip -c -9 > backup.img.gz

Backup verification

Verify partition layout

cat backup.part

Verify MBR

file backup.mbr

Verify data

fdisk -lu backup.img
losetup -o SECTOR_SIZE * OFFSET /dev/loop0 backup.img

Remote disk backup

Backup

pv /dev/sda | gzip --fast | ssh user@host.tld "cat - > image.sda.gz"

Restore

pv image.sda.gz | ssh user@host.tld "gunzip - > /dev/sda"

Data backup (rsync)

rsync / -rtvpl -e 'ssh -p 220' --progress --exclude={"/dev/*","/proc/*","/sys/*","/tmp/*","/run/*","/mnt/*","/media/*","/lost+found","/var/backups"} user@host:backup
rsync / -aAXHv --exclude={} /var/backups/local
rsync -avzh /src/ /dst/
rsync -axHAWXS --numeric-ids --info=progress2 /mnt/src/ /mnt/dst